Journal of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Peer Reviewed
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Your Newspaper Your Style
We now differentiate betwixt the requirements for new and revised submissions. You lot may choose to submit your manuscript as a unmarried Word or PDF file to be used in the refereeing process. Merely when your paper is at the revision stage, will you exist requested to put your paper in to a 'correct format' for acceptance and provide the items required for the publication of your commodity.
To discover out more than, delight visit the Preparation department below.
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology publishes original scientific research of relevance to animals or humans pertaining to the action of chemicals, drugs, or chemically-divers natural products. Although many drugs are derived from plants, nosotros generally do not consider manuscripts that study the biological effects of undefined found extracts. In add-on, studies that are replicative of science on substances that accept already been well reported (east.thou., amelioration of oxidative stress) are discouraged.
Regular articles address mechanistic approaches to physiological, pharmacologic, biochemical, cellular, or molecular agreement of toxicologic/pathologic lesions and to methods used to draw these responses. Condom Scientific discipline articles address outstanding state-of-the-art preclinical and human translational characterization of drug and chemic prophylactic employing cut-edge science. Highly significant Regulatory Rubber Science articles volition besides be considered in this category. Papers concerned with alternatives to the apply of experimental animals are encouraged.
Short articles report on loftier impact studies of broad interest to readers of TAAP that would benefit from rapid publication. These manufactures should contain no more a combined total of four figures and tables. Authors should include in their encompass letter the justification for consideration of their manuscript as a short article.
TAAP also bug a standing call for outstanding Invited Review Articles. Potential authors should contact the Editor-In-Primary and complete an Invited Review Proposal Form before preparing or submitting their Review Article. Invited reviews are intended to be from researchers with documented expertise who have contributed significantly to an surface area of scientific discipline relevant to toxicology and/or pharmacology.
Types of Papers
The post-obit types of manufactures will be considered for publication: Research Newspaper, Rubber Science Articles, Short High Bear on Manufactures, and Invited Reviews.
Enquiry Newspaper accost mechanistic approaches to physiological, pharmacologic, biochemical, cellular, or molecular understanding of toxicologic/pathologic lesions and to methods used to describe these responses. Regular Manufactures should be approximately 25 to 35 pages with double line spacing including references merely not including figures. Safe Science articles address outstanding country-of-the-art preclinical and human translational label of drug and chemical safe employing cutting-edge scientific discipline. Highly significant Regulatory Safety Science articles will likewise exist considered in this category. Papers concerned with alternatives to the use of experimental animals are encouraged.
Brusk articles (Brusque Communications) study on high impact studies of broad interest to readers of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology that would benefit from rapid publication. These manufactures should comprise no more than a combined total of four figures and tables and should exist approximately 12 to 15 pages with double line spacing including references. Authors should include in their cover letter the justification for consideration of their manuscript as a brusque article and mention that this belongs to the article type Brusk articles report on high impact.
Invited Review - Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology as well issues a standing call for outstanding Invited Review Articles. Potential authors should visit our Support Eye and send the queries. The editor will then ship an Invited Review Proposal Class before preparing or submitting your Review.These reviews are expected to on timely topics relevant to toxicology and/or pharmacology from researchers with documented expertise in those topics.
Letter to the Editors refer to an commodity published in the periodical and includes omissions or reflects differences in stance, based on scientific evidence. These Letters to the Editors should non exceed 1000 words and 5 references. If needed one tabular array or figure can be added. Authors of the involved article will always be asked by the Editors for a rebuttal that volition linked online to the Letter to the Editor. These rebuttals should also comprise no more than than 1000 words, 5 references and if needed ane tabular array or effigy. In principle, a single round of Letters to the Editors commutation volition be considered in order to contain the give-and-take on a given topic.
Submission checklist
You can employ this list to bear out a final cheque of your submission before yous send it to the periodical for review. Please bank check the relevant section in this Guide for Authors for more than details.
Ensure that the post-obit items are present:
I author has been designated as the corresponding writer with contact details:
• Due east-mail address
• Full postal address
All necessary files have been uploaded:
Manuscript:
• Include keywords
• All figures (include relevant captions)
• All tables (including titles, description, footnotes)
• Ensure all figure and tabular array citations in the text friction match the files provided
• Indicate clearly if color should be used for any figures in impress
Graphical Abstracts / Highlights files (where applicable)
Supplemental files (where applicable)
Farther considerations
• Manuscript has been 'spell checked' and 'grammar checked'
• All references mentioned in the Reference Listing are cited in the text, and vice versa
• Permission has been obtained for use of copyrighted material from other sources (including the Internet)
• A competing interests statement is provided, even if the authors take no competing interests to declare
• Journal policies detailed in this guide have been reviewed
• Referee suggestions and contact details provided, based on journal requirements
For farther information, visit our Support Center.
Diethyl ether is considered unacceptable equally an agent for either anesthesia or euthanasia according to the American Veterinarian Medical Association (AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2013 Edition). Appropriately, studies that report use of diethyl ether or its derivatives in animal studies will not be considered for publication.Other agents, including chloral hydrate and chloroform, are as well considered by the AVMA equally inappropriate for employ in animate being studies. Any manuscript reporting use of these agents for anesthesia or euthanasia will not be considered for publication.
Utilize of Animals in Experimental Studies
1. All studies involving the utilize of animals must contain language and, if necessary, support documentation indicating that the studies were conducted in accordance with the laws and regulations of governing regime. A clear statement regarding approval by the local Institutional Animate being Intendance and Use Committee (IACUC) or equivalent must be made in the Methods Section.
2. It is the policy of TAAP that no pictures of dead or moribund animals will be published in the journal.
3. Employ of agents for anesthesia and/or euthanasia must exist specified in the manuscript.
Utilise of humans, human tissues, and clinical trials
1. All studies involving humans or man tissues must be canonical by the appropriate Institutional Review Boards (IRB) in accordance with laws and policies of governing government. A clear statement regarding the use of humans in studies and the source of human tissues must be made in the Methods Section with advisable references to Informed Consent and Research Protections, if required past the IRB. Support documentation may also be request by the periodical or its editorial board.
Authors should include a statement in the manuscript that informed consent was obtained for experimentation with man subjects. The privacy rights of human subjects must e'er be observed.
All animate being experiments should comply with the Make it guidelines and should be carried out in accordance with the U.K. Animals (Scientific Procedures) Deed, 1986 and associated guidelines, EU Directive 2010/63/EU for animal experiments, or the National Research Council'due south Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and the authors should clearly indicate in the manuscript that such guidelines take been followed. The sex of animals must exist indicated, and where appropriate, the influence (or association) of sex on the results of the study.
Declaration of competing interest
All authors must disclose any financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence (bias) their piece of work. Examples of potential conflicts of interest include employment, consultancies, stock ownership, honoraria, paid proficient testimony, patent applications/registrations, and grants or other funding. Authors should consummate the annunciation of competing interest statement using this template and upload to the submission organisation at the Attach/Upload Files pace. Note: Please do not convert the .docx template to some other file type. Author signatures are non required. If there are no interests to declare, please choose the first selection in the template. More than data.
Submission declaration and verification
Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstruse, a published lecture or bookish thesis, see 'Multiple, redundant or concurrent publication' for more than information), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the piece of work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will non be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, including electronically without the written consent of the copyright-holder. To verify originality, your commodity may be checked by the originality detection service Crossref Similarity Check.
Preprints
Delight notation that preprints can exist shared anywhere at any time, in line with Elsevier's sharing policy. Sharing your preprints due east.g. on a preprint server will not count as prior publication (run into 'Multiple, redundant or concurrent publication' for more information).
Use of inclusive language
Inclusive language acknowledges diversity, conveys respect to all people, is sensitive to differences, and promotes equal opportunities. Content should make no assumptions about the beliefs or commitments of whatever reader; contain nothing which might imply that one individual is superior to another on the grounds of historic period, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, inability or health condition; and use inclusive linguistic communication throughout. Authors should ensure that writing is free from bias, stereotypes, slang, reference to dominant culture and/or cultural assumptions. Nosotros advise to seek gender neutrality by using plural nouns ("clinicians, patients/clients") equally default/wherever possible to avoid using "he, she," or "he/she." Nosotros recommend fugitive the use of descriptors that refer to personal attributes such as historic period, gender, race, ethnicity, civilization, sexual orientation, disability or wellness condition unless they are relevant and valid. When coding terminology is used, we recommend to avoid offensive or exclusionary terms such as "primary", "slave", "blacklist" and "whitelist". Nosotros propose using alternatives that are more advisable and (cocky-) explanatory such as "primary", "secondary", "blocklist" and "allowlist". These guidelines are meant every bit a point of reference to assistance identify advisable language merely are by no means exhaustive or definitive.
Author contributions
For transparency, we encourage authors to submit an author statement file outlining their individual contributions to the newspaper using the relevant CRediT roles: Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal assay; Funding acquisition; Investigation; Methodology; Project administration; Resources; Software; Supervision; Validation; Visualization; Roles/Writing - original typhoon; Writing - review & editing. Authorship statements should be formatted with the names of authors first and CRediT office(south) following. More than details and an example.
Changes to Authorship
This policy concerns the improver, deletion, or rearrangement of writer names in the authorship of accepted manuscripts:
Before the accustomed manuscript is published in an online issue: Requests to add or remove an author, or to rearrange the author names, must be sent to the Journal Manager from the corresponding author of the accepted manuscript and must include: (a) the reason the name should be added or removed, or the author names rearranged and (b) written confirmation (electronic mail, fax, letter) from all authors that they agree with the addition, removal or rearrangement. In the case of addition or removal of authors, this includes confirmation from the writer being added or removed. Requests that are non sent by the corresponding author volition be forwarded by the Journal Manager to the corresponding author, who must follow the procedure equally described above. Notation that: (1) Journal Managers will inform the Editor-In-Principal of whatever such requests and (2) publication of the accepted manuscript in an online effect is suspended until authorship has been resolved to the satisfaction of the Editor-In-Chief.
After the accepted manuscript is published: TAAP will non have whatsoever requests to add, delete, or rearrange writer names in an article.
Article transfer service
This periodical is role of our Article Transfer Service. This means that if the Editor feels your commodity is more suitable in one of our other participating journals, so yous may be asked to consider transferring the article to one of those. If you lot hold, your article will exist transferred automatically on your behalf with no need to reformat. Please annotation that your article will be reviewed once again by the new journal. More than information.
Copyright
Upon acceptance of an article, authors volition be asked to complete a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' (see more information on this). An electronic mail will be sent to the respective writer confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' form or a link to the online version of this agreement.
Subscribers may reproduce tables of contents or set lists of articles including abstracts for internal apportionment within their institutions. Permission of the Publisher is required for resale or distribution outside the institution and for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations. If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author(due south) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(due south) in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for apply past authors in these cases.
For gold open admission articles: Upon acceptance of an commodity, authors will exist asked to complete a 'License Agreement' (more information). Permitted third party reuse of gold open access manufactures is determined by the writer's choice of user license.
Author rights
As an author you (or your employer or institution) have certain rights to reuse your work. More information.
Elsevier supports responsible sharing
Find out how yous can share your research published in Elsevier journals.
Role of the funding source
You are requested to identify who provided financial support for the behave of the enquiry and/or grooming of the article and to briefly depict the function of the sponsor(s), if whatever, in study design; in the collection, analysis and estimation of data; in the writing of the written report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication. If the funding source(s) had no such involvement, it is recommended to state this.
Elsevier Researcher University
Researcher Academy is a costless e-learning platform designed to support early and mid-career researchers throughout their research journey. The "Learn" environment at Researcher Academy offers several interactive modules, webinars, downloadable guides and resources to guide yous through the procedure of writing for research and going through peer review. Feel free to apply these free resource to meliorate your submission and navigate the publication process with ease.
Language (usage and editing services)
Delight write your text in skillful English (American or British usage is accustomed, simply non a mixture of these). Articles that in the opinion of Editor-In-Principal, Acquaintance Editors and/or Reviewers do not come across a high English linguistic communication standard volition exist rejected on this technical basis. Manuscripts rejected for linguistic communication issues may be reconsidered and resubmitted after the author has demonstrated in a encompass letter that the manuscript has at present met the English language standard. Authors who experience their English linguistic communication manuscript may require editing to eliminate possible grammatical or spelling errors and to conform to correct scientific English may wish to use the English Linguistic communication Editing service bachelor from Elsevier's WebShop (https://webshop.elsevier.com/linguistic communication-editing-services/linguistic communication-editing/) or visit our customer back up site (https://service.elsevier.com) for more information.
Submission
Our online submission system guides you lot stepwise through the process of inbound your article details and uploading your files. The organization converts your article files to a single PDF file used in the peer-review process. Editable files (east.g., Word, LaTeX) are required to typeset your article for last publication. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests for revision, is sent by e-mail.
Should you be unable to provide an electronic version, delight visit our Support Center.; telephone: +one (619) 699-6275; or fax: +1 (619) 699-6211.
Experimental procedures
All animal experiments should be carried out in accordance with the U.K. Animals (Scientific Procedures) Deed, 1986 and associated guidelines, the European Communities Council Directive of 24 November 1986 (86/609/EEC) or the National Institutes of Health guide for the care and use of Laboratory animals (NIH Publications No. 8023, revised 1978) and the authors should clearly indicate in the manuscript that such guidelines accept been followed. All animal studies need to ensure they comply with the Arrive guidelines. More than information can be found at http://world wide web.nc3rs.org.united kingdom/page.asp?id=1357.
Queries
For questions most the editorial procedure (including the status of manuscripts nether review) or for technical support on submissions, please visit our Support Heart.
NEW SUBMISSIONS
Submission to this journal proceeds totally online and you will exist guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of your files. The system automatically converts your files to a single PDF file, which is used in the peer-review process.Authors are requested to carefully proofread the PDF file generated past the system before finalizing submission to ensure that all text is formatted properly and that all figures are articulate and readable.
Every bit part of the Your Paper Your Fashion service, you may choose to submit your manuscript as a single file to be used in the refereeing process. This tin exist a PDF file or a Give-and-take document, in any format or lay-out that tin be used by referees to evaluate your manuscript. It should contain high enough quality figures for refereeing. If yous prefer to do so, you may still provide all or some of the source files at the initial submission. Please annotation that private effigy files larger than 10 MB must be uploaded separately.
References
At that place are no strict requirements on reference formatting at submission. References tin can be in whatever fashion or format as long as the style is consequent. Where applicable, author(southward) proper noun(due south), journal championship/book title, affiliate title/article title, year of publication, volume number/book affiliate and the article number or pagination must exist present. Use of DOI is highly encouraged. The reference fashion used by the journal will be applied to the accepted article by Elsevier at the proof stage. Note that missing data will exist highlighted at proof stage for the author to correct.
Formatting requirements
There are no strict formatting requirements with the exceptions noted below. All manuscripts must incorporate the essential elements needed to convey your manuscript, for example Abstract, Keywords, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Conclusions, Artwork and Tables with Captions.
If your article includes whatever Videos and/or other Supplementary material, this should be included in your initial submission for peer review purposes.
Divide the article into clearly defined sections.
Delight ensure the text of your paper is double-spaced and has consecutive line numbering– this is an essential peer review requirement.
Figures and tables embedded in text
Please ensure the figures and the tables included in the single file are placed next to the relevant text in the manuscript, rather than at the bottom or the acme of the file. The corresponding caption should be placed directly beneath the figure or table.
Peer review
This periodical operates a single anonymized review process. All contributions volition be initially assessed by the editor for suitability for the periodical. Papers deemed suitable are then typically sent to a minimum of two contained expert reviewers to assess the scientific quality of the newspaper. The Editor is responsible for the final determination regarding acceptance or rejection of articles. The Editor's decision is final. The Editor must non be involved in decisions nearly papers which s/he has written him/herself or have been written by family members or colleagues or which relate to products or services in which the editor has an interest. Further, whatsoever such submission must exist discipline to all of the journal?s usual procedures, peer review must be handled independently of the relevant author/Editor and their enquiry groups, and there must be a clear argument to this effect on any such newspaper that is published.More information on types of peer review.
REVISED SUBMISSIONS
Utilise of word processing software
Regardless of the file format of the original submission, at revision yous must provide us with an editable file of the entire commodity. Continue the layout of the text every bit simple every bit possible. Most formatting codes will be removed and replaced on processing the commodity. The electronic text should be prepared in a mode very similar to that of conventional manuscripts (see also the Guide to Publishing with Elsevier). See as well the department on Electronic artwork.
To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly advised to use the 'spell-check' and 'grammar-check' functions of your word processor.
Commodity structure
Preparation of Manuscript.
Manuscripts text should take double line spacing and references should exist unmarried-spaced. Pages should exist numbered consecutively and organized every bit follows:
The title Page (p. 1) should contain the article championship, authors' names and consummate affiliations, footnotes to the championship, and the address for manuscript correspondence (including e-post accost and telephone and fax numbers). The article championship should be comprehensive and descriptive: proprietary names must not be used in titles, but may be identified in footnotes.
Page 2 should incorporate an abstract. The abstract should be limited to 250 words but must contain a curtailed summary of what was done, the results obtained, and valid conclusions which are drawn therefrom. It must mention the compounds or families of compounds studied, their deportment, and the species of animals. It must contain of import words which are used as index terms, simply non proprietary names. Keywords should be listed immediately subsequently the abstract.
Format. The following text sections should exist used. Introduction. State why the investigation was carried out, note whatever relevant published work, and delineate the objective of the investigation.
Methods. New methods or significant improvements of methods or changes in old methods must exist described. Methods for which adequate reference can be cited are non to be described. In the Methods department, authors should describe attention to whatsoever particular chemic or biological hazards that may be involved in carrying out the experiments described. Any relevant safety precautions should be described: if an accepted code of practice has been followed, a reference to the relevant standards should exist given. Details regarding animal housing conditions and all beast procedures should be given.
Results. Duplication between the text of this section and material presented in tables and figures should be avoided. Tabular presentation of masses of negative data must be avoided and replaced with a argument in the text whenever possible. The statement must include (a) what was done, (b) how information technology was done, (c) how the data were analyzed, (d) a measure out of variability, and (e) the significance of the result.
Discussion. This department must relate to the significance of the work to existing cognition in the field and indicate the importance of the contribution of this study. Needless detailed recapitulation of the results must be avoided. Unsupported hypotheses and speculation should be omitted.
Subdivision - unnumbered sections
Separate your commodity into conspicuously defined sections. Each subsection is given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its ain separate line. Subsections should be used every bit much equally possible when cross-referencing text: refer to the subsection by heading equally opposed to simply 'the text'.
Introduction
State the objectives of the work and provide an acceptable background, fugitive a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results.
Material and methods
Provide sufficient details to let the work to be reproduced by an independent researcher. Methods that are already published should be summarized, and indicated by a reference. If quoting directly from a previously published method, use quotation marks and also cite the source. Any modifications to existing methods should as well be described.
Authors should draw attention to any particular chemical or biological hazards that may exist involved in conveying out the experiments described. Any relevant safety precautions should be described: if an accepted code of practice has been followed, a reference to the relevant standards should be given. Details regarding animal housing should besides be notated.
Results
Results should be articulate and concise.
Duplication between the text of this section and fabric presented in tables and figures should be avoided and replaced with a statement in the text whenever possible. The statement must include (a) what was done, (b) how information technology was done, (c ) how the data were analyzed, (d) a mensurate of variability, and (e) the significance of the upshot.
Discussion
This should explore the significance of the results of the work, not echo them. A combined Results and Give-and-take section is sometimes appropriate. Avert extensive citations and discussion of published literature.
Needless detailed recapitulation of the results must be avoided. Unsupported hypotheses and speculation should as well be omitted.
Appendices
If there is more than one appendix, they should be identified equally A, B, etc. Formulae and equations in appendices should be given separate numbering: Eq. (A.one), Eq. (A.two), etc.; in a subsequent appendix, Eq. (B.ane) so on. Similarly for tables and figures: Table A.i; Fig. A.1, etc.
Essential title page information
• Title. Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avert abbreviations and formulae where possible.
• Writer names and affiliations. Delight clearly point the given name(due south) and family proper name(s) of each author and check that all names are accurately spelled. Y'all can add your name betwixt parentheses in your own script behind the English transliteration. Present the authors' amalgamation addresses (where the actual piece of work was washed) below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-example superscript letter immediately afterwards the author'south proper name and in front end of the appropriate accost. Provide the full postal accost of each affiliation, including the state name and, if available, the e-mail address of each author.
• Respective author. Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, as well post-publication. This responsibility includes answering any future queries about Methodology and Materials. Ensure that the e-mail address is given and that contact details are kept up to date by the corresponding author.
• Present/permanent address. If an author has moved since the work described in the commodity was done, or was visiting at the time, a 'Present address' (or 'Permanent address') may be indicated as a footnote to that writer'south proper name. The accost at which the author really did the piece of work must exist retained every bit the main, affiliation address. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes.
Highlights
Highlights are mandatory for this journal every bit they help increase the discoverability of your article via search engines. They consist of a short drove of bullet points that capture the novel results of your inquiry as well as new methods that were used during the study (if whatever). Delight accept a expect at the examples here: example Highlights.
Highlights should be submitted in a dissever editable file in the online submission organization. Delight use 'Highlights' in the file name and include 3 to 5 bullet points (maximum 85 characters, including spaces, per bullet point).
Abstract
A curtailed and factual abstract is required. The abstract should country briefly the purpose of the enquiry, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is frequently presented separately from the article, then it must be able to stand up alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, just if essential, then cite the author(s) and year(due south). Besides, not-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.
The abstruse should be express to 250 words. It must mention the compounds or families of compounds studied, their actions, and the species of animals, but must not contain proprietary names.
Graphical abstruse
Although a graphical abstract is optional, its use is encouraged as information technology draws more attention to the online article. The graphical abstract should summarize the contents of the article in a concise, pictorial form designed to capture the attention of a wide readership. Graphical abstracts should exist submitted as a split file in the online submission system. Image size: Please provide an image with a minimum of 531 × 1328 pixels (h × w) or proportionally more. The prototype should be readable at a size of five × 13 cm using a regular screen resolution of 96 dpi. Preferred file types: TIFF, EPS, PDF or MS Office files. You tin can view Example Graphical Abstracts on our information site.
Authors can make utilise of Elsevier's Illustration Services to ensure the best presentation of their images and in accord with all technical requirements.
Keywords
Immediately after the abstract, provide a maximum of 6 keywords, using American spelling and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for instance, 'and', 'of'). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.
Abbreviations
Define abbreviations that are not standard in this field in a footnote to be placed on the commencement folio of the article. Such abbreviations that are unavoidable in the abstract must be defined at their first mention there, besides every bit in the footnote. Ensure consistency of abbreviations throughout the article.
Acknowledgements
Collate acknowledgements in a separate section at the stop of the article before the references and do not, therefore, include them on the title folio, every bit a footnote to the title or otherwise. Listing here those individuals who provided aid during the inquiry (e.k., providing linguistic communication help, writing assist or proof reading the commodity, etc.).
Formatting of funding sources
Listing funding sources in this standard mode to facilitate compliance to funder'south requirements:
Funding: This piece of work was supported by the National Institutes of Wellness [grant numbers xxxx, yyyy]; the Neb & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA [grant number zzzz]; and the United states of america Institutes of Peace [grant number aaaa].
It is not necessary to include detailed descriptions on the programme or type of grants and awards. When funding is from a block grant or other resource available to a university, higher, or other research institution, submit the name of the institute or arrangement that provided the funding.
If no funding has been provided for the inquiry, it is recommended to include the following sentence:
This research did not receive whatever specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-for-profit sectors.
Units volition be in general accordance with the International System (SI) equally adopted by the 11the Full general Conference on Weights and Measures. Common abbreviations to exist used in this periodical are:
k meter
ppm parts per million
cm centimeter
cpm counts per minute
mm millimeter
dpm disintegrations per infinitesimal
um micrometer
sc subcutaneous
nm nanometer
ic intracutaneous
kg kilogram
im intramuscular
grand gram
ip intraperitoneal
mg milligram iv intravenous
ug microgram
po oral
ng nanogram
LD50 medial lethal dose
ml milliliter
LC50 medial lethal concentration
>ul microliter
Hz hertz mol mole
s seconds
M molar
min minutes
mM millimolar
h hours
uM micromolar
SD standard divergence
N normal
SE standard error
Ci Curie TLV threshold limit value
10 hateful
Math formulae
Delight submit math equations equally editable text and non as images. Present unproblematic formulae in line with normal text where possible and use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line for pocket-size fractional terms, due east.g., X/Y. In principle, variables are to be presented in italics. Powers of eastward are oftentimes more conveniently denoted by exp. Number consecutively any equations that have to exist displayed separately from the text (if referred to explicitly in the text).
Proprietary names of substances and names and addresses of suppliers should be identified in footnotes. If the newspaper has been presented orally in whole or part, the date, and occasion should be included in a footnote.
Footnotes
Footnotes should be used sparingly. Number them consecutively throughout the article. Many word processors build footnotes into the text, and this characteristic may exist used. Should this non be the case, point the position of footnotes in the text and present the footnotes themselves separately at the end of the article.
Artwork
Image manipulation
Whilst it is accustomed that authors sometimes need to manipulate images for clarity, manipulation for purposes of charade or fraud will be seen as scientific upstanding abuse and volition be dealt with appropriately. For graphical images, this journal is applying the following policy: no specific characteristic within an image may be enhanced, obscured, moved, removed, or introduced. Adjustments of effulgence, contrast, or color balance are adequate if and as long as they exercise non obscure or eliminate any information nowadays in the original. Nonlinear adjustments (e.g. changes to gamma settings) must be disclosed in the figure legend.
Electronic artwork
Full general points
• Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.
• Preferred fonts: Arial (or Helvetica), Times New Roman (or Times), Symbol, Courier.
• Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.
• Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.
• Indicate per figure if it is a single, 1.5 or 2-column fitting paradigm.
• For Give-and-take submissions only, you may notwithstanding provide figures and their captions, and tables within a single file at the revision phase.
• Delight note that individual figure files larger than 10 MB must be provided in dissever source files.
A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available.
You are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailed information are given hither.
Formats
Regardless of the application used, when your electronic artwork is finalized, delight 'save as' or catechumen the images to one of the following formats (notation the resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below):
EPS (or PDF): Vector drawings. Embed the font or salve the text as 'graphics'.
TIFF (or JPG): Color or grayscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi.
TIFF (or JPG): Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi.
TIFF (or JPG): Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (color or grayscale): a minimum of 500 dpi is required.
Delight exercise not:
• Supply files that are optimized for screen utilise (e.m., GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); the resolution is also low.
• Supply files that are too low in resolution.
• Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.
Color artwork
Please brand sure that artwork files are in an acceptable format (TIFF (or JPEG), EPS (or PDF), or MS Office files) and with the correct resolution. If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable colour figures then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures volition appear in color online (east.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in colour in the printed version. For color reproduction in print, y'all will receive information regarding the costs from Elsevier later receipt of your accepted article. Please bespeak your preference for color: in print or online only. Further information on the preparation of electronic artwork.
Figure captions
Ensure that each illustration has a caption. A caption should incorporate a brief championship (not on the figure itself) and a description of the analogy. Go along text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used.
Tables
Please submit tables as editable text and not every bit images. Tables can be placed either next to the relevant text in the article, or on carve up page(southward) at the finish. Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text and identify any tabular array notes below the tabular array body. Be sparing in the utilise of tables and ensure that the information presented in them exercise not indistinguishable results described elsewhere in the article. Please avert using vertical rules and shading in table cells.
References
Unpublished results or personal communications should be cited as such in the text.
Commendation in text
Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is besides present in the reference list (and vice versa). Any references cited in the abstract must be given in full. Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference list, just may be mentioned in the text. If these references are included in the reference list they should follow the standard reference manner of the journal and should include a exchange of the publication date with either 'Unpublished results' or 'Personal communication'. Commendation of a reference as 'in press' implies that the particular has been accustomed for publication and a copy of the championship folio of the relevant article must exist submitted.
Reference links
Increased discoverability of research and high quality peer review are ensured past online links to the sources cited. In guild to let us to create links to abstracting and indexing services, such every bit Scopus, CrossRef and PubMed, please ensure that data provided in the references are correct. Please note that incorrect surnames, journal/book titles, publication year and pagination may prevent link creation. When copying references, please be careful as they may already contain errors. Use of the DOI is highly encouraged.
A DOI is guaranteed never to change, and then y'all can employ information technology as a permanent link to any electronic commodity. An instance of a citation using DOI for an commodity not yet in an issue is: VanDecar J.C., Russo R.One thousand., James D.E., Ambeh W.B., Franke K. (2003). Aseismic continuation of the Bottom Antilles slab beneath northeastern Venezuela. Journal of Geophysical Enquiry, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000884. Please note the format of such citations should be in the aforementioned style every bit all other references in the paper.
Web references
As a minimum, the full URL should be given and the date when the reference was concluding accessed. Any further information, if known (DOI, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.), should too be given. Web references can exist listed separately (e.g., after the reference list) nether a unlike heading if desired, or tin can be included in the reference listing.
Data references
This journal encourages you to cite underlying or relevant datasets in your manuscript past citing them in your text and including a data reference in your Reference List. Information references should include the following elements: author proper name(southward), dataset title, data repository, version (where available), twelvemonth, and global persistent identifier. Add [dataset] immediately before the reference so we can properly identify it as a data reference. The [dataset] identifier will not appear in your published article.
References in a special outcome
Please ensure that the words 'this issue' are added to any references in the list (and any citations in the text) to other articles in the same Special Issue.
Reference direction software
Well-nigh Elsevier journals take their reference template available in many of the nigh popular reference management software products. These include all products that support Citation Mode Linguistic communication styles, such as Mendeley. Using citation plug-ins from these products, authors only need to select the appropriate journal template when preparing their commodity, after which citations and bibliographies will be automatically formatted in the journal'south fashion. If no template is yet available for this journal, please follow the format of the sample references and citations every bit shown in this Guide. If you utilize reference management software, please ensure that you remove all field codes before submitting the electronic manuscript. More than data on how to remove field codes from different reference direction software.
Reference formatting
At that place are no strict requirements on reference formatting at submission. References tin be in whatever style or format every bit long as the manner is consistent. Where applicable, author(s) name(s), periodical title/book championship, chapter championship/article title, twelvemonth of publication, volume number/volume chapter and the article number or pagination must be present. Apply of DOI is highly encouraged. The reference style used by the journal volition be applied to the accustomed article by Elsevier at the proof phase. Annotation that missing data will be highlighted at proof phase for the author to correct. If you practice wish to format the references yourself they should exist bundled according to the following examples:
Reference style
Text: All citations in the text should refer to:
ane. Single writer: the author's name (without initials, unless in that location is ambiguity) and the twelvemonth of publication;
2. Ii authors: both authors' names and the twelvemonth of publication;
3. Three or more authors: start author'due south proper name followed by 'et al.' and the year of publication.
Citations may be made straight (or parenthetically). Groups of references can be listed either first alphabetically, then chronologically, or vice versa.
Examples: 'every bit demonstrated (Allan, 2000a, 2000b, 1999; Allan and Jones, 1999)…. Or, as demonstrated (Jones, 1999; Allan, 2000)… Kramer et al. (2010) take recently shown …'
Listing: References should exist arranged first alphabetically and then further sorted chronologically if necessary. More than one reference from the same author(southward) in the same twelvemonth must be identified by the letters 'a', 'b', 'c', etc., placed after the year of publication.
Examples:
Reference to a journal publication:
Van der Geer, J., Hanraads, J.A.J., Lupton, R.A., 2010. The fine art of writing a scientific article. J. Sci. Commun. 163, 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.Sc.2010.00372.
Reference to a journal publication with an article number:
Van der Geer, J., Hanraads, J.A.J., Lupton, R.A., 2018. The art of writing a scientific article. Heliyon. xix, e00205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00205.
Reference to a book:
Strunk Jr., W., White, East.B., 2000. The Elements of Style, fourth ed. Longman, New York.
Reference to a chapter in an edited book:
Mettam, G.R., Adams, L.B., 2009. How to gear up an electronic version of your article, in: Jones, B.S., Smith , R.Z. (Eds.), Introduction to the Electronic Historic period. E-Publishing Inc., New York, pp. 281–304.
Reference to a website:
Cancer Inquiry Uk, 1975. Cancer statistics reports for the UK. http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/aboutcancer/statistics/cancerstatsreport/ (accessed 13 March 2003).
Reference to a dataset:
[dataset] Oguro, M., Imahiro, S., Saito, S., Nakashizuka, T., 2015. Bloodshed data for Japanese oak wilt disease and surrounding forest compositions. Mendeley Data, v1. https://doi.org/ten.17632/xwj98nb39r.1.
Reference to software:
Coon, Due east., Berndt, 1000., Jan, A., Svyatsky, D., Atchley, A., Kikinzon, Eastward., Harp, D., Manzini, G., Shelef, E., Lipnikov, K., Garimella, R., Xu, C., Moulton, D., Karra, S., Painter, S., Jafarov, Eastward., & Molins, South., 2020. Advanced Terrestrial Simulator (ATS) v0.88 (Version 0.88). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727209.
Journal abbreviations source
Journal names should exist abbreviated according to the Listing of Title Word Abbreviations.
Video
Elsevier accepts video fabric and animation sequences to support and enhance your scientific research. Authors who have video or blitheness files that they wish to submit with their commodity are strongly encouraged to include links to these within the body of the commodity. This tin can exist done in the same way as a figure or table by referring to the video or blitheness content and noting in the body text where information technology should be placed. All submitted files should be properly labeled so that they straight chronicle to the video file'southward content. In order to ensure that your video or animation textile is directly usable, please provide the file in one of our recommended file formats with a preferred maximum size of 150 MB per file, one GB in total. Video and animation files supplied volition be published online in the electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web products, including ScienceDirect. Please supply 'stills' with your files: y'all can choose any frame from the video or animation or brand a separate epitome. These will be used instead of standard icons and volition personalize the link to your video information. For more detailed instructions please visit our video educational activity pages. Note: since video and animation cannot exist embedded in the print version of the journal, delight provide text for both the electronic and the print version for the portions of the article that refer to this content.
Supplementary material
Supplementary fabric such as applications, images and sound clips, can be published with your article to enhance information technology. Submitted supplementary items are published exactly every bit they are received (Excel or PowerPoint files will announced every bit such online). Please submit your textile together with the article and supply a concise, descriptive caption for each supplementary file. If you wish to make changes to supplementary material during any stage of the process, please make sure to provide an updated file. Practice non annotate any corrections on a previous version. Please switch off the 'Track Changes' option in Microsoft Office files every bit these volition appear in the published version.
Inquiry data
This journal encourages and enables yous to share information that supports your inquiry publication where appropriate, and enables you to interlink the data with your published manufactures. Research data refers to the results of observations or experimentation that validate research findings. To facilitate reproducibility and data reuse, this journal also encourages you to share your software, lawmaking, models, algorithms, protocols, methods and other useful materials related to the projection.
Beneath are a number of ways in which you tin associate data with your article or make a statement about the availability of your data when submitting your manuscript. If you are sharing data in one of these ways, yous are encouraged to cite the data in your manuscript and reference listing. Please refer to the "References" department for more than information about data commendation. For more data on depositing, sharing and using research information and other relevant inquiry materials, visit the research information page.
Data linking
If you have fabricated your inquiry data bachelor in a data repository, you can link your article directly to the dataset. Elsevier collaborates with a number of repositories to link articles on ScienceDirect with relevant repositories, giving readers access to underlying data that gives them a better understanding of the research described.
At that place are unlike ways to link your datasets to your commodity. When available, you tin directly link your dataset to your article by providing the relevant information in the submission organisation. For more information, visit the database linking page.
For supported information repositories a repository imprint volition automatically appear next to your published commodity on ScienceDirect.
In improver, you can link to relevant data or entities through identifiers inside the text of your manuscript, using the following format: Database: xxxx (eastward.g., TAIR: AT1G01020; CCDC: 734053; PDB: 1XFN).
Mendeley Information
This journal supports Mendeley Data, enabling you to deposit any research data (including raw and processed data, video, lawmaking, software, algorithms, protocols, and methods) associated with your manuscript in a free-to-use, open access repository. Before submitting your article, you can deposit the relevant datasets to Mendeley Information. Delight include the DOI of the deposited dataset(s) in your main manuscript file. The datasets will be listed and direct accessible to readers next to your published article online.
For more information, visit the Mendeley Data for journals page.
Data in Brief
You accept the option of converting any or all parts of your supplementary or additional raw data into a information article published in Data in Brief. A information article is a new kind of article that ensures that your data are actively reviewed, curated, formatted, indexed, given a DOI and made publicly available to all upon publication (lookout this video describing the benefits of publishing your data in Information in Brief). You are encouraged to submit your data commodity for Data in Brief equally an additional item directly alongside the revised version of your manuscript. If your research article is accustomed, your information article volition automatically be transferred over to Data in Brief where it will be editorially reviewed, published open access and linked to your research article on ScienceDirect. Please notation an open access fee is payable for publication in Data in Brief. Full details can be constitute on the Data in Brief website. Please use this template to write your Data in Brief information article.
MethodsX
Yous have the option of converting relevant protocols and methods into one or multiple MethodsX manufactures, a new kind of article that describes the details of customized research methods. Many researchers spend a significant corporeality of time on developing methods to fit their specific needs or setting, but ofttimes without getting credit for this part of their work. MethodsX, an open admission periodical, now publishes this data in social club to make it searchable, peer reviewed, citable and reproducible. Authors are encouraged to submit their MethodsX article as an boosted item direct aslope the revised version of their manuscript. If your inquiry article is accustomed, your methods commodity volition automatically exist transferred over to MethodsX where it will be editorially reviewed. Delight annotation an open up access fee is payable for publication in MethodsX. Full details can exist found on the MethodsX website. Please utilize the methods template or protocol template to prepare your MethodsX article.
Data statement
To foster transparency, nosotros encourage you to state the availability of your information in your submission. This may exist a requirement of your funding torso or institution. If your information is unavailable to access or unsuitable to post, you volition accept the opportunity to signal why during the submission procedure, for example by stating that the research information is confidential. The statement will announced with your published article on ScienceDirect. For more than information, visit the Data Argument page.
Online proof correction
To ensure a fast publication process of the article, we kindly ask authors to provide us with their proof corrections within two days. Corresponding authors will receive an electronic mail with a link to our online proofing system, allowing annotation and correction of proofs online. The environment is similar to MS Word: in addition to editing text, you tin can also comment on figures/tables and answer questions from the Copy Editor. Web-based proofing provides a faster and less error-decumbent process by assuasive you to directly type your corrections, eliminating the potential introduction of errors.
If preferred, y'all can still choose to comment and upload your edits on the PDF version. All instructions for proofing will be given in the eastward-mail nosotros send to authors, including alternative methods to the online version and PDF.
Nosotros will practice everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately. Please utilize this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, abyss and correctness of the text, tables and figures. Significant changes to the article every bit accepted for publication will merely be considered at this stage with permission from the Editor. It is important to ensure that all corrections are sent back to u.s. in one communication. Delight bank check carefully earlier replying, equally inclusion of any subsequent corrections cannot be guaranteed. Proofreading is solely your responsibleness.
Offprints
The corresponding author will, at no cost, receive a customized Share Link providing 50 days free access to the terminal published version of the article on ScienceDirect. The Share Link can exist used for sharing the commodity via whatsoever communication aqueduct, including electronic mail and social media. For an extra charge, paper offprints tin can be ordered via the offprint lodge form which is sent once the commodity is accustomed for publication. Both corresponding and co-authors may order offprints at any fourth dimension via Elsevier's Writer Services. Respective authors who take published their commodity gold open access exercise not receive a Share Link as their final published version of the article is available open admission on ScienceDirect and tin be shared through the article DOI link.
Source: https://www.elsevier.com/journals/toxicology-and-applied-pharmacology/0041-008X/guide-for-authors
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